Oral carriage of staphylococcus aureus in people with different body mass index / Colonización oral por staphylococcus aureus en personas con diferente índice de masa corporal

Background: The association between obesity and the oral microbiome has received great attention. Objective: This study aimed to determine the association of oral Staphylococcus aureus with different body mass index people. Material and Methods: A total of 155 saliva samples were collected. The individuals were grouped into three categories according to their BMI, normal weight, overweight and obese individuals. A loopful of saliva sample was cultured and incubated at 37°C for 24. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were diagnosed by colony characteristics, morphology, and biochemical tests. Results: The oral carriage rate of Staphylococcus aureus was 61.3% (65.1% females and 56.5% males). The Staphylococcus aureus rate was 68% in married and 60% in single people. The differences of oral carriage rates of Staphylococcus aureus in obese (73.6%) and overweight (85.4%) populations was statistically significant (p<0.0001) compared to the rate in normal weight group (34%). Among males, the highest oral carriage rate of Staphylococcus aureus was in overweight individuals (82.6%). Likewise, in females, the highest rate of salivary Staphylococcus aureus was among the overweight group (88.9%). Regarding marital status, in single people, the differences of Staphylococcus aureus in obese (p=0.0003) and overweight (p<0.0001) people was significantly compared to normal weight people. But, in married people, the differences in Staphylococcus aureus rates among all groups were statistically not significant (p=0.0935). Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus was significantly related to overweight and obese individuals. The human oral Staphylococcus aureus may play a key role in the manifestation of obesity. The oral microbiota could provide a new target for improving the physical well being of humans.

Antecedentes: la asociación entre la obesidad y el microbioma oral ha recibido gran atención. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la asociación de Staphylococcus aureus oral en personas con diferentes índices de masa corporal. Material y Métodos: Se recolectaron un total de 155 muestras de saliva. Los individuos fueron agrupados en tres categorías según su indice de masa corporal: normopeso, sobrepeso y obesos. Se cultivó un asa de muestra de saliva y se incubó a 37°C durante 24 horas. Los aislamientos de Staphylococcus aureus se identificaron mediante las características de la colonia, la morfología y las pruebas bioquímicas. Resultados:La tasa de colonización oral por Staphylococcus aureus fue del 61,3% (65,1% mujeres y 56,5% hombres). La tasa de colonización por Staphylococcus aureus fue del 68% en casados y del 60% en solteros. Las diferencias de las tasas de portación oral de Staphylococcus aureus en las poblaciones obesas (73,6%) y con sobrepeso (85,4%) fueron estadísticamente significativas (p<0,0001) en comparación con la tasa en el grupo de peso normal (34.0%). Entre los hombres, la tasa más alta de portadores orales de Staphylococcus aureus fue en individuos con sobrepeso (82,6%). En las mujeres, la tasa más alta de Staphylococcus aureus salival se también se presentó en el grupo con sobrepeso (88,9 %). En cuantal estado civil, en solteros, las diferencias de Staphylococcus aureus en obesos (p=0,0003) y con sobrepeso (p<0,0001) fueron significativas compararadas con normopeso. Pero, en personas casadas, las diferencias en las tasas de Staphylococcus aureus entre todos los grupos no fueron estadísticamente significativas (p=0,0935). Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus salival se relacionó significativamente en individuos con sobrepeso y obesidad. El Staphylococcus aureus oral humano puede jugar un papel clave en la manifestación de la obesidad. La microbiota oral podría proporcionar una nueva diana para mejorar el estado físico de los humanos

Clinical and microbiological evaluation of non-surgical periodontal therapy in obese and non-obese individuals with periodontitis: a 9-month prospective longitudinal study

Abstract Objective Obesity is a chronic disease that negatively affects an individual's general and oral health. The present study aimed to compare the clinical and microbiological effects of non-surgical periodontal therapy with the full mouth disinfection (FMD) protocol on obese and non-obese individuals at 9 months post-therapy. Methodology This clinical study was first submitted and approved by the Ethics Committee. Fifty-five obese patients and 39 non-obese patients with periodontitis were evaluated. The full-mouth periodontal clinical parameters, clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI), were monitored at baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months after periodontal treatment with full mouth disinfection (FMD) protocol. The mean count of Tannerella forsythia , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Treponema Denticola , and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction on subgingival biofilm samples. Demographic data were assessed by Chi-square test. For clinical and microbiological parameters, two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA was used. Results In both groups, periodontal therapy using the one-stage full-mouth disinfection protocol significantly improved CAL, PD, GI, and PI (p<0.05). Obese and non-obese patients equally responded to non-surgical periodontal therapy (p>0.05). Microbial count found no major differences (p>0.05) between obese and non-obese individuals who had undergone non-surgical periodontal therapy. Conclusions Obesity did not affect the clinical and microbiological outcomes of non-surgical periodontal therapy.

Microbiota intestinal y salud en humanos: obesidad y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Gut microbiota and healthy in human: obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus

RESUMEN Introducción La cantidad y la diversidad bacteriana intestinal están relacionadas con las enfermedades metabólicas e inflamatorias. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la composición de la microbiota intestinal en heces y su relación con variables bioquímicas y el patrón de consumo de alimentos en individuos sanos, obesos y pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, en Mallorca (España). Métodos Las bacterias en heces se caracterizaron por PCR tiempo real. El ADN se aisló a partir de sujetos sanos (23), obesos (no diabéticos) (24) y diabéticos tipo 2 (no obesos) y se amplificó con cebadores específicos para identificar Roseburia, Clostridium leptum, Lactobacillus y Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale (Firmicutes); Prevotella y Bacteroides (Bacteroidetes); Bifidobacterium (Actinobacteria) y el cebador Universal (para total de bacterias), para la amplificación de la región V4 del gen 16S rRNA. Los resultados se analizaron estadísticamente utilizando SPSS v.21. Resultados En una población rural y urbana de Baleares, se detectaron niveles de insulina significativamente superiores en obesos (12,2 + 1,3 md/dL). En diabéticos, los niveles de triglicéridos, glucosa en sangre, hemoglobina glucosilada y albúmina en orina fueron superiores que en controles y obesos (por encima del rango normal). La mayor dispersión de las variables bioquímicas en sangre se identificó con: Clostridium coccoide-Eubacterium rectale, Bacteroides y Bifidobacterium, como posibles marcadores en obesos y diabéticos y Prevotella y Lactobacillus, como marcadores de salud. El contenido total de bacterias es mayor en controles y la relación entre reinos bacterianos es menor en este grupo. Los patrones de consumo de alimentos fueron diferentes en los tres grupos lo cual está relacionado con la variación en los patrones bacterianos. Conclusión La variabilidad en el consumo de alimentos estuvo relacionada con cinco marcadores bacterianos principales que contribuyeron a la mayor variabilidad de marcadores bioquímicos entre grupos de sujetos: Clostridium coccoide-Eubacterium rectale, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Prevotella y Lactobacillus, en una población de Mallorca (España). Gut microbiota and healthy in human: obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

ABSTRACT Introduction The amount and bacterial diversity in the bowel are associated to metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The aim was to characterize the gut microbiota composition in faeces and food consumption pattern in healthy, obese and Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects from Majorca (Spain). Methods Bacteria in faeces were characterized by Real-time PCR. DNA was isolated from healthy subjects (23), obese patients (not diabetic) (24) and type 2 diabetic patients (12) and amplified with specific primers for the identification of Roseburia, Clostridium leptum, Lactobacillus and Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale (Firmicutes); Prevotella and Bacteroides (Bacteroidetes); Bifidobacterium (Actinobacteria); and Universal primer (for all bacteria), referred to amplification of 16S rRNA gene V4 region. Results were statistically analyzed by SPSS v.21. Results A rural and urban population from Balearic Islands was tested. The insulin levels were highest in obese group (12.2 + 1.3 md/dL) while the triglyceride, blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin and urine albumin levels were highest in diabetic group. The major dispersion of the blood variables was identified to a bacteria core: Clostridium coccoide-Eubacterium rectale, Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium as possible markers for obese and diabetic patients; and Prevotella and Lactobacillus levels as markers of health. The total amount of bacteria is the highest in control group, such as the ratio between phyla is the lowest. The food consumptiom patterns were different among which is related to the variation in the bacterial patterns. Conclusion The variability in the foods consumption among groups was related to five bacterial markers which contributed to the major variability in blood markers: Clostridium coccoide-Eubacterium rectale, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Prevotella y Lactobacillus; in a population from Majorca, Spain.

Salivary microbiome in people with obesity: a pilot study / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the characterization of the salivary microbiome in people with obesity and the differences in microbial composition, gene function and metabolic pathways of salivary microbiome between people with obesity and normal weight controls.@*METHODS@#The study was carried out in people with obesity and age- and sex-matched normal weight controls. None of these selected participants had the systemic disease, oral mucosal disease or periodontal disease. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected and oral examination was conducted. DNAs from saliva samples were extracted and sequenced in an Illumina NextSeq 500 platform. Community composition, linear discriminant analysis of taxonomic differences,gene prediction, gene set construction and annotation of gene function were performed.@*RESULTS@#The classified bacterial reads of the samples were 2 630 428 for each sample. A total of 11 phyla, 19 classes, 26 orders, 41 families, 62 genera and 164 species were detected ultimately. All samples had the same predominant phyla (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria). There were statistical differences between the groups at the class, order, family, genus and species levels. At the class level, Negativicutes and Erysipelotrichia were more abundant in the obesity group, while Flavobacteriia and Bateroidetes dominated in normal weight group (P<0.05). At the species level, 16 showed significant differences in relative abundance among the groups, in which Prevotella melaninogenica,Prevotella salivae,Solobacterium moorei and Atopobium parvulum ware more abundant in the obesity group, whereas Streptococcus sanguinis dominated in normal weight group (P<0.05). The people with obesity had a higher number of salivary microbial genes (P<0.05). We produced statistics on gene prediction and found salivary microbiome of obesity group had a higher number of genes (P < 0.05). Genes associated with the pathways of metabolism and environmental information processing and human diseases were significantly enriched in the saliva samples of people with obesity (P < 0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#Significant differences were seen in composition, gene function and metabolic pathways of salivary microbiome between people with obesity and normal weight people. We hope to go on further study with larger sample size in the near future.

Microbiota intestinal nas doenças digestivas / Intestinal microbiota in digestive diseases

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND In recent years, especially after the development of sophisticated metagenomic studies, research on the intestinal microbiota has increased, radically transforming our knowledge about the microbiome and its association with health maintenance and disease development in humans. Increasing evidence has shown that a permanent alteration in microbiota composition or function (dysbiosis) can alter immune responses, metabolism, intestinal permeability, and digestive motility, thereby promoting a proinflammatory state. Such alterations can mainly impair the host's immune and metabolic functions, thus favoring the onset of diseases such as diabetes, obesity, digestive, neurological, autoimmune, and neoplastic diseases. This comprehensive review is a compilation of the available literature on the formation of the complex intestinal ecosystem and its impact on the incidence of diseases such as obesity, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and digestive neoplasms. CONCLUSION: Alterations in the composition and function of the gastrointestinal microbiota (dysbiosis) have a direct impact on human health and seem to have an important role in the pathogenesis of several gastrointestinal diseases, whether inflammatory, metabolic, or neoplastic ones.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Nos últimos anos, especialmente a partir do desenvolvimento de sofisticados estudos metagenômicos, as pesquisas acerca da microbiota intestinal se intensificaram, transformando de forma radical os nossos conhecimentos sobre o microbioma e sua relação com a manutenção da saúde e o desenvolvimento de doenças no ser humano. Evidências crescentes demonstram que uma alteração permanente da composição ou da função da microbiota (disbiose) pode alterar as respostas imunológicas, o metabolismo, a permeabilidade intestinal e a motilidade digestiva, promovendo, dessa maneira, um estado pró-inflamatório. Tais alterações podem comprometer, sobretudo, as funções imunes e metabólicas do hospedeiro, favorecendo o aparecimento de doenças como diabetes, obesidade, doenças digestivas, neurológicas, autoimunes e neoplásicas. Este artigo de revisão é uma compilação da literatura disponível sobre a formação do complexo ecossistema intestinal e seu impacto na incidência de doenças como obesidade, esteatohepatite não alcoólica, síndrome do intestino irritável, doença inflamatória intestinal, doença celíaca e neoplasias digestivas. CONCLUSÃO: Alterações na composição e função da microbiota gastrointestinal (disbiose) têm um impacto direto sobre a saúde humana e parecem ter um papel importante na patogênese de várias doenças gastrointestinais, sejam elas inflamatórias, metabólicas ou neoplásicas.

Frequency of periodontal pathogens and Helicobacter pylori in the mouths and stomachs of obese individuals submitted to bariatric surgery: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Objectives This cross-sectional study compared the frequency of oral periodontopathogens and H. pylori in the mouths and stomachs of obese individuals with or without periodontitis submitted to bariatric surgery. Material and Methods One hundred and fifty-four men and women aged 18-65 were conveniently distributed into four groups. Two groups were composed of individuals who underwent bariatric surgery with (BP) (n=40) and without (BNP) (n=39) periodontitis and two obese control groups with (CP) (n=35) and without (CNP) (n=40) periodontitis. The oral pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Parvimonas micra, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, and Helicobacter pylori were detected by a polymerase chain reaction technique using saliva, tongue and stomach biopsy samples. Results Statistical analysis demonstrated that periodontopathogens were highly frequent in the mouth (up to 91.4%). In the bariatric surgically treated group, orally, P. gingivalis, T. denticola and T. forsythia were more frequent in periodontitis, while C. rectus was more frequent in non-periodontitis subjects. Stomach biopsies also revealed the high frequency of five oral species in both candidates for bariatric surgery (91.6%) and the bariatric (83.3%) groups. H. pylori was frequently detected in the mouth (50.0%) and stomach (83.3%). In the stomach, oral species and H. pylori appeared in lower frequency in the bariatric group. Conclusions Obese individuals showed high frequencies of periodontopathogens and H. pylori in their mouths and stomachs. Bariatric surgery showed an inverse microbial effect on oral and stomach environments by revealing higher oral and lower stomach bacterial frequencies.

Translational research into gut microbiota: new horizons on obesity treatment: updated 2014

Obesity is currently a pandemic of worldwide proportions affecting millions of people. Recent studies have proposed the hypothesis that mechanisms not directly related to the human genome could be involved in the genesis of obesity, due to the fact that, when a population undergoes the same nutritional stress, not all individuals present weight gain related to the diet or become hyperglycemic. The human intestine is colonized by millions of bacteria which form the intestinal flora, known as gut flora. Studies show that lean and overweight human may present a difference in the composition of their intestinal flora; these studies suggest that the intestinal flora could be involved in the development of obesity. Several mechanisms explain the correlation between intestinal flora and obesity. The intestinal flora would increase the energetic extraction of non-digestible polysaccharides. In addition, the lipopolysaccharide from intestinal flora bacteria could trigger a chronic sub-clinical inflammatory process, leading to obesity and diabetes. Another mechanism through which the intestinal flora could lead to obesity would be through the regulation of genes of the host involved in energy storage and expenditure. In the past five years data coming from different sources established causal effects between intestinal microbiota and obesity/insulin resistance, and it is clear that this area will open new avenues of therapeutic to obesity, insulin resistance and DM2.

El papel de la microbiota intestinal en el desarrollo de la obesidad y de la diabetes de tipo-2 / The role of intestinal microbiota in the development of obesity and type-2 diabetes

The intestinal microbiota (IM) is a complex consortium including a great number of bacteria, fungi, yeasts, virus and phages. The harmonic crosstalk between the IM, the epithelia barrier and the local immune system determine gut homeostasis in the healthy subject. The IM plays a key role in regulating energy harvest, energy expenditure, fat storage and food intake in the host. Increasing evidence suggests that bacterial composition, functional genes and metabolic activities of the IM are altered in the subjects with obesity or type-2 diabetes (T2D). It appears that dietary fat is also an important factor which affects the IM composition as well as the gut barrier function and the plasma levels of LPS. This metabolic endotoxemia would contribute to the development of systemic low grade inflammation, insulin resistance and T2D. The development of dietary (prebiotics, probiotics) and therapeutic (antibiotics, microbiota transplantation) tools to reestablish the homeostasis of the IM constitute interesting new strategies for the prevention or management of obesity and T2D...

Características inflamatorias de la obesidad / Inflammatory characteristics of obesity

Currently, obesity is considered a low chronic inflammatory state. The alterations that occur into the expanding adipose tissue parallel the ones seen in a classic inflammatory process. However, the stimulus that triggers inflammation is still unknown. The consequences of the immune system activation are poorly understood. The inflammatory process is not just present at the adipose tissue level. In fact, it can be found in circulation, pancreas, liver and muscle (among other organs). Moreover, inflammation is playing a role on the path physiology of most of cardiovascular risk factors linked to obesity. The aim of this article was to review the current knowledge about this important topic. The understanding of the immune process linked to obesity would allow its clinic study and even the intervention.

Actualmente la obesidad es considerada una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica, de intensidad leve. Las alteraciones que ocurren en el tejido adiposo en expansión son muy similares a las de una inflamación clásica, sin embargo se desconoce aún el agente lesivo que lo gatilla. La activación del sistema inmune no se da solamente en el tejido adiposo, sino que es identificable a nivel circulatorio y en los diferentes órganos relacionados con el metabolismo de sustratos como son hígado, páncreas y músculo. Los antecedentes actuales permiten plantear que tanto la génesis como la evolución de las enfermedades crónicas asociadas a la obesidad tienen un componente inflamatorio. El objetivo de este ensayo es revisar el conocimiento actual sobre el tema. Una cabal comprensión de la activación del sistema inmune en condiciones de exceso nutricional posibilitará su monitorización y eventual intervención.

La microbiota intestinal: Un nuevo actor en el desarrollo de la obesidad / The association of intestinal microbiota with obesity

Intestinal microbiota (IM) plays a role in the development of obesity and its associated low grade inflammation. Bacterial colonization of the gastrointestinal tract of germ free mice (without microbiota) increases by 60 percent their fat mass, alters their fasting glucose and insulin levels, triples their hepatic triglycerides and induces adipocyte hypertrophy. IM favors fat storage in adipocytes through the inhibition of Fiaf (Fasting Induced Adipocyte Factor), an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase. Compared with normal weight subjects, the IM from obese exhibits a higher proportion of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and is more efficient in extracting energy from foodstuffs. The loss of bodyweight by a hypocaloric diet reverts the proportion of bacteria to that of lean subjects. The intake of a high fat diet also alters the IM, affecting intestinal barrier function and favoring endotoxinemia. These events increase oxidative and pro-inflammatory processes in plasma and peripheral tissues and increment the risk of insulin resistance. Such events are reverted by the administration of pre-biotics which stimulate the growth of Bifdobacterium and Lactobacillus species in the colon, reestablishing the gut homeostasis. Interestingly, products resulting from the fermentation of prebiotics stimulate the differentiation of enteroendocrine cells and the release of glucagon like peptide 1 and peptide YY, that have insulin like and anorexigenic activities, thus contributing to body weight equilibrium.

Translational research into gut microbiota: new horizons in obesity treatment / Pesquisa translacional em microbiota intestinal: novos horizontes no tratamento da obesidade

Obesity is a pandemic which has been rapidly developing for three decades. When a population is submitted to the same nutritional stress, some individuals are less susceptible to diet-induced weight gain and hyperglycemia. This observation suggests that other mechanisms are involved which are not directly related to the human genome. The human gut contains an immense number of microorganisms, collectively known as the microbiota. Evidence that gut microbiota composition can differ between obese and lean humans has led to the speculation that gut microbiota can participate in the pathophysiology of obesity. Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain the link between gut flora and obesity. The first mechanism consists in the role of the gut microbiota to increase energy extraction from indigestible dietary polysaccharides. The second, consists in the role of gut flora to modulate plasma lipopolysaccharide levels which triggers chronic low-grade inflammation leading to obesity and diabetes. A third mechanism proposes that gut microbiota may induce regulation of host genes that modulate how energy is expended and stored. However, further studies are needed to clarify a number of issues related to the relationship between the gut microbiota and obesity.

A obesidade é uma pandemia que afeta milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. Quando uma população é submetida ao mesmo estresse nutricional, alguns indivíduos são menos suscetíveis ao ganho de peso induzido pela dieta e à hiperglicemia. Essa observação sugere que outros mecanismos não diretamente relacionados ao genoma humano estejam envolvidos. O intestino humano é colonizado por milhões de bactérias, que coletivamente constituem a flora comensal normal. A evidência de que a composição da flora intestinal pode ser diferente em humanos magros e obesos levou à especulação de que a flora intestinal pode participar na fisiopatologia da obesidade. Diferentes mecanismos foram propostos para tentar explicar a correlação entre flora intestinal e obesidade. O primeiro mecanismo consiste no papel da flora intestinal na extração de energia de polissacarídeos não digeríveis. O segundo mecanismo envolve a modulação dos níveis de lipopolissacarídeo pela flora intestinal, o que desencadeia uma inflamação crônica subclínica que acarreta obesidade e diabetes. Um terceiro mecanismo propõe que a flora intestinal pode induzir a regulação de genes do hospedeiro que modulam como a energia é gasta e armazenada. Entretanto, estudos adicionais são necessários para estabelecer o papel da flora intestinal no desenvolvimento da obesidade.